Goals
What you'll be able to do- 🚫 Understand a prohibition in a public place
- 🙏 Ask for permission politely
- ✅ Give or refuse permission
- 📚 Conjugate the verb pouvoir (can / may) in the present
- ❌ Make an imperative negative (ne … pas)
- 👤 Use indirect-object pronouns (lui, leur…)
Discover
Three quick scenesDialogue 1 · At the restaurant
The waiter walks up to a customer who's pulled out a pack of cigarettes.
Excuse me, sir. Smoking is forbidden in the restaurant.
Oh, sorry! Where can I smoke, then?
You can smoke on the terrace, sir.
Very good, thank you.
Dialogue 2 · At the hotel
A guest arrives at the front desk with her dog.
Hello, I'd like a single room, please.
Of course, ma'am. Do you have your passport?
Yes, here. And… may I take my dog into the room?
I'm sorry, ma'am. You can't take your dog into the room. But we have a special service for pets.
Dialogue 3 · On the plane
A passenger is on the phone right before take-off.
Excuse me, ma'am, you can't use your mobile phone. We're about to take off.
What do you mean? I can't? But I'm calling my son — it's very important!
No, ma'am, I'm sorry. You can call him back when we land, at the airport.
💡 Notes
- Excusez-moi — between friends, you say excuse-moi. To get a stranger's attention: excusez-moi, madame / monsieur. Same role as English "Excuse me".
- Il est interdit de + infinitive = "It's forbidden to…" — the official wording you'll see on signs.
- Vous pouvez / vous ne pouvez pas = the polite way to give or refuse permission face-to-face. More natural than "c'est interdit" in conversation.
Vocabulary
Words to remember| French | Type | English |
|---|---|---|
| une arrivée | n.f. | arrival |
| un chien | n.m. | dog |
| une chambre | n.f. | (bed)room; hotel room |
| une classe | n.f. | class; classroom |
| donner | v. | to give |
| excuser | v. | to excuse, to forgive |
| fumer | v. | to smoke |
| important / importante | adj. | important |
| interdit / interdite | adj. | forbidden, prohibited |
| un médecin | n.m. | doctor (medical) |
| permis / permise | adj. | allowed, permitted |
| une place | n.f. | seat; (town) square |
| un (téléphone) portable | n.m. | mobile phone, cell phone |
| pouvoir | v. | can, to be able to; may |
| une terrasse | n.f. | terrace (outdoor café area) |
| une voiture | n.f. | car |
| désolé / désolée | adj. | sorry |
| raconter | v. | to tell (a story); to recount |
| présenter | v. | to introduce; to present |
| téléphoner (à) | v. | to phone, to call (someone) |
Grammar
How French works① The verb pouvoir in the present "can / may" + infinitive
Pouvoir expresses ability ("can") or permission ("may"). It's followed by an infinitive — same as English modal "can".
| je | peux | nous | pouvons |
|---|---|---|---|
| tu | peux | vous | pouvez |
| il / elle | peut | ils / elles | peuvent |
⚠️ Watch out: je peux, tu peux end in -x, not -s (same quirk as vouloir: je veux).
📌 To ask politely: "Est-ce que je peux… ?" or just "Je peux… ?" (spoken). More formal: "Pourrais-je… ?" (conditional — covered later).
② Negative imperative "Don't…"
To make an imperative negative, surround the verb with ne … pas — exactly like in regular sentences.
| Affirmative | Negative |
|---|---|
| Fume ! | Ne fume pas ! |
| Téléphone ! | Ne téléphone pas ! |
| Entrons ! | N'entrons pas ! |
| Faites du bruit ! | Ne faites pas de bruit ! |
💡 On signs, French actually uses the infinitive, not the imperative: Ne pas fumer "No smoking", Ne pas marcher sur la pelouse "Keep off the grass". Standard convention — same idea as English passive signage ("No smoking").
⚠️ Anglophone trap: remember the partitive rule from earlier — after a negation, du / de la / des become de: Ne faites pas de bruit ! (not « pas du bruit »).
③ Indirect-object pronouns (COI) to him / to her / to them
The indirect object replaces a person introduced by the preposition à:
Je téléphone à Sophie. → Je lui téléphone. "I call her."
| Singular | Plural |
|---|---|
| me / m' (to me) | nous (to us) |
| te / t' (to you, sg.) | vous (to you, formal/pl.) |
| lui (to him / to her) | leur (to them) |
📌 Position: the pronoun goes before the verb — the opposite of English word order:
• Je lui parle. → "I'm speaking to him/her." (English: pronoun after verb)
• Nous leur donnons des cadeaux. → "We're giving them presents."
• Vous me téléphonez ce soir ? → "Are you calling me tonight?"
⚠️ Verbs that take « à + person »: parler à, téléphoner à, écrire à, donner à, répondre à, dire à, demander à. Note the mismatch with English: French téléphoner à quelqu'un, but English "to call somebody" (no preposition).
💬 Tip for English speakers: in English, indirect objects can come between verb and direct object ("I gave him a book") — but they always come after the verb. In French, the pronoun jumps before the verb: Je lui ai donné un livre. Train your ear for this position swap.
How to say it
Useful chunks🙏 Asking permission
- Est-ce que je peux fumer ? "Can I smoke?"
- Je peux entrer ? "May I come in?"
- On peut prendre des photos ? "Can we take photos?"
- Vous permettez ? "Do you mind?" (very polite)
✅ Giving permission
- Oui, bien sûr ! "Yes, of course!"
- Oui, allez-y. "Go ahead."
- Pas de problème. "No problem."
- Vous pouvez, oui. "Yes, you may."
❌ Refusing permission
- Je suis désolé(e), c'est interdit. "Sorry, it's not allowed."
- Non, ce n'est pas possible. "No, it's not possible."
- Vous ne pouvez pas, monsieur. "You can't, sir."
- Je regrette, mais non. "I'm afraid not."
🚫 Stating a prohibition
- Il est interdit de fumer. "Smoking is forbidden."
- Ce n'est pas permis. "It's not allowed."
- Ne fumez pas ! "Don't smoke!"
- Défense de stationner. "No parking." (sign)
Practice
Try it outExercise 1 · Conjugate pouvoir
Fill in with the right form.
- Je entrer ? — Oui, bien sûr.
- Vous fumer sur la terrasse, madame.
- Mes amis ne pas venir ce soir.
- Nous téléphoner après l'arrivée.
- Tu raconter cette histoire à Paul ?
- Elle parler trois langues : chinois, français et anglais.
Exercise 2 · Make it negative (imperative)
Rewrite each command in the negative.
Model: Fume ! → Ne fume pas !
- Téléphone à minuit ! →
- Entrez ! →
- Faisons du bruit ! →
- Fumez ici ! →
- Prends ce taxi ! →
Exercise 3 · Allowed or forbidden?
For each situation, tick Allowed (A) or Forbidden (F) according to typical French rules.
| Situation | A | F |
|---|---|---|
| Smoking inside a restaurant. | ||
| Talking on your phone on a café terrace. | ||
| Using your phone during plane take-off. | ||
| Taking photos in a museum (no flash). | ||
| Parking right at a hospital entrance. |
Exercise 4 · Replace with an indirect-object pronoun
Replace the underlined words with lui or leur.
- Je téléphone à mon père. → Je téléphone.
- Nous parlons à nos amis. → Nous parlons.
- Tu écris à ta sœur ? → Tu écris ?
- Vous donnez un cadeau à vos collègues. → Vous donnez un cadeau.
- Elle répond à ses étudiants. → Elle répond.
- Le médecin parle à la patiente. → Le médecin parle.
Exercise 5 · Pick the right pronoun
Which object pronoun fits?
- Tu donnes ton numéro ? (to me)
- Je téléphone demain, monsieur. (to you, formal)
- Mes parents écrivent chaque semaine. (to me)
- Nous envoyons une carte postale. (to our cousins)
- Le professeur explique la grammaire. (to us, the class)
Exercise 6 · Listening
Listen to Dialogue 2 again and answer.
- Where does the scene take place? →
- How many people is the room for? →
- Can she take her dog into the room?
- What does the receptionist ask the guest for? →
Exercise 7 · What does the sign say?
Match each sign to its meaning.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Communicate
Real-world tasks🎭 Role-play 1 · At the Louvre
You're at the Louvre in front of the Mona Lisa. You want to take a photo with flash. The guard walks over and stops you. Act out the scene with a partner.
Words to use: excusez-moi · est-ce que je peux · interdit · sans flash · désolé(e) · merci.
🎭 Role-play 2 · At the library
You're studying in the university library. The person next to you is talking loudly on the phone. Politely ask them to stop.
Useful phrases: Excusez-moi… · Vous ne pouvez pas… · S'il vous plaît · Merci beaucoup.
🎭 Role-play 3 · At the doctor's
You're a doctor. Your patient wants to know what they can or can't eat or do. Give 5 pieces of advice using vous pouvez / vous ne pouvez pas.
Ideas: smoking · drinking alcohol · doing sport · eating vegetables · flying · going out at night.
Pronunciation
Two sounds to keep apartTelling [j] and [ʒ] apart
[j] — semi-vowel
Like in famille, fille, travail. The tongue doesn't touch the palate. ≈ English "y" in "yes".
- Elle [ɛl] → double-L
- Il y a [ilja]
- fa-mi-lle [fa-mij]
- tra-vail [tʁa-vaj]
[ʒ] — voiced consonant
The letter j, or g + e/i. The tongue vibrates lightly. ≈ English "s" in "measure" / "pleasure".
- je [ʒə]
- jamais [ʒa-mɛ]
- manger [mɑ̃-ʒe]
- jardin [ʒaʁ-dɛ̃]
👂 Listen and repeat: Elle est belle. Ils sont chez moi. Je fais. C'est léger. C'est très important. Ce n'est pas facile. Je prends le train.
💬 Tip for English speakers: ⚠️ The French letter « j » is [ʒ] — like the "s" in measure, pleasure, vision — NOT the English "j" sound in judge (which is [dʒ]).
• jouer = [ʒwe] (like "zhoo-ay"), not [dʒwe]
• je = [ʒə], not [dʒə]
• jardin doesn't start like English "garden" — soften the J.
The English "y" sound [j] (as in "yes") is written in French as « y », « il » (final), or « ill ».